Presence
| Recorded on | |
| Presence status | |
| Distribution description | Native to southern America and northern America. |
Publications
- Axelrod, F.S. 2015. A Systematic Vademecum to the Vascular Plants of Sint Eustatius. 179 pp.
- Boldingh, I. 1909. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin. 321 pp. E.j. Brill., Leiden.
- Burg, M.P. van den, Proosdij, A.S.J. van, Balborda, T.M., Boeken, M., Buurt, G. van, Freitas, J. de, Houtepen, E., Leeuwen, S.J. van, Mitchell, A., Waart, S. de & Debrot, A.O. 2025. Invasive Species: Major Threat to Caribbean Netherlands Biodiversity. In: Debrot et al. 2025. State of Nature Report for the Caribbean Netherlands 2024. C001/25: 337-351. Wageningen University and Research.
- Howard, R.A. 1989. Dicotyledoneae - Part 2. In: Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. 5: 604. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
- Mori, S.A. & Gracie, C.A. 2007. Flowering Plants. Plants and Lichens of Saba Virtual Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. [link]
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological Inventory of Saba. 87 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of Sint Eustatius. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of St. Maarten. 102 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
- Sneep, J.W., Roon, A.C. de 1984. Euphorbiaceae. Flora of the Netherlands Antilles 3: 231-285.
- WCSP 2017. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [link]