Presence
| Recorded on | |
| Presence status | |
| Natural distribution | Africa |
| Distribution description | Native to Africa. |
| Notes on presence status | Introduced. |
Publications
- Axelrod, F.S. 2015. A Systematic Vademecum to the Vascular Plants of Sint Eustatius. 179 pp.
- Boldingh, I. 1909. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin. 321 pp. E.j. Brill., Leiden.
- Boom, B.M. 2008. Flowering Plants. Plants & Lichens of St. Eustatius The New York Botanical Garden. [link]
- Burg, W.J. van der, Freitas, J. de, Debrot, A.O. & Lotz, L.A.P. 2012. Naturalised and invasive alien plant species in the Caribbean Netherlands: status, distribution, threats, priorities and recommendations. 1-82. Plant Research International, Wageningen UR.
- Debrot, A.O., Freitas, J.A. de 1999. Avifaunal and botanical survey of the Jan Thiel Lagoon Conservation Area, Curaçao. 28. Carmabi Foundation.
- Mori, S.A., Gracie, C.A. 2007. Flowering Plants. Plants and Lichens of Saba Virtual Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. [link]
- Proosdij, A.S.J. van 2012. Arnoldo's Zakflora: Wat in het wild groeit en bloeit op Aruba, Bonaire en Curaçao. 318 pp. Walburg Pers, Zutphen.
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological Inventory of Saba. 87 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of Sint Eustatius. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
- Sneep, J.W., Roon, A.C. de 1984. Euphorbiaceae. Flora of the Netherlands Antilles 3: 231-285.
- WCSP 2017. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [link]