Presence
| Recorded on | |
| Presence status | |
| Distribution description | Native to Leeward Island, Puerto Rico and Windward Island. | 
Publications
- Axelrod, F.S. 2015. A Systematic Vademecum to the Vascular Plants of Sint Eustatius. 179 pp.
 - Boldingh, I. 1909. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin. 321 pp. E.j. Brill., Leiden.
 - Boom, B.M. 2008. Flowering Plants. Plants & Lichens of St. Eustatius The New York Botanical Garden. [link]
 - Howard, R.A. 1989. Dicotyledoneae - Part 2. In: Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. 5: 604. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
 - Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of Sint Eustatius. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
 - Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of St. Maarten. 102 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
 - Sneep, J.W., Roon, A.C. de 1984. Euphorbiaceae. Flora of the Netherlands Antilles 3: 231-285.
 - WCSP 2017. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [link]