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- Howard, R.A. 1988. Dicotyledoneae - Part 1. In: Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. 4: 673. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological Inventory of Saba. 87 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of Sint Eustatius. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of St. Maarten. 102 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
- The Plant List 2013. The Plant List version 1.1. [link]
- Yuncker, T.G. 1966. Piperaceae. Flora of the Netherlands Antilles 2: 71-87.
Literature references linked to higher taxa