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            - Axelrod, F.S. 2015. A Systematic Vademecum to the Vascular Plants of Sint Eustatius. 179 pp.
 
            - Boldingh, I. 1909. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin. 321 pp. E.j. Brill., Leiden.
 
            - Boom, B.M. 2008. Flowering Plants. Plants & Lichens of St. Eustatius The New York Botanical Garden. [link]
 
            - Encyclopedia of Life. [link]
 
            - Howard, R.A. 1989. Dicotyledoneae - Part 2. In: Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. 5: 604. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
 
            - Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of Sint Eustatius. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
 
            - The Plant List 2013. The Plant List version 1.1. [link]
 
            - Troost, P.G.H. 1984. Malpighiaceae. Flora of the Netherlands Antilles 3: 323-334.
 
            - WCSP 2017. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [link]