Literature
- Broome, R, Sabir, K, Carrington, S. 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. [link]
- Sneep, J.W., Roon, A.C. de 1984. Euphorbiaceae. Flora of the Netherlands Antilles 3: 231-285.
- The Plant List 2013. The Plant List version 1.1. [link]
Literature references linked to higher taxa
- Encyclopedia of Life. [link] (Euphorbiaceae)
- Axelrod, F.S. 2015. A Systematic Vademecum to the Vascular Plants of Sint Eustatius. 179 pp. (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Boldingh, I. 1909. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin. 321 pp. E.j. Brill., Leiden. (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Boom, B.M. 2008. Flowering Plants. Plants & Lichens of St. Eustatius The New York Botanical Garden. [link] (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Burg, W.J. van der, Freitas, J. de, Debrot, A.O. & Lotz, L.A.P. 2012. Naturalised and invasive alien plant species in the Caribbean Netherlands: status, distribution, threats, priorities and recommendations. 1-82. Plant Research International, Wageningen UR. (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Howard, R.A. 1989. Dicotyledoneae - Part 2. In: Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. 5: 604. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Mori, S.A., Gracie, C.A. 2007. Flowering Plants. Plants and Lichens of Saba Virtual Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. [link] (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Proosdij, A.S.J. van 2012. Arnoldo's Zakflora: Wat in het wild groeit en bloeit op Aruba, Bonaire en Curaçao. 318 pp. Walburg Pers, Zutphen. (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological Inventory of Saba. 87 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao. (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of Sint Eustatius. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao. (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of St. Maarten. 102 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao. (Euphorbia tithymaloides)
- WCSP 2017. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [link] (Euphorbia tithymaloides)